A decoder-only foundation model for time-series forecasting – Google Research Blog

Time-series forecasting is ubiquitous in varied domains, reminiscent of retail, finance, manufacturing, healthcare and pure sciences. In retail use circumstances, for instance, it has been noticed that bettering demand forecasting accuracy can meaningfully cut back stock prices and enhance income. Deep studying (DL) fashions have emerged as a well-liked strategy for forecasting wealthy, multivariate, time-series information as a result of they’ve confirmed to carry out nicely in a wide range of settings (e.g., DL fashions dominated the M5 competitors leaderboard).

On the similar time, there was fast progress in giant basis language fashions used for pure language processing (NLP) duties, reminiscent of translation, retrieval-augmented era, and code completion. These fashions are educated on huge quantities of textual information derived from a wide range of sources like frequent crawl and open-source code that enables them to determine patterns in languages. This makes them very highly effective zero-shot instruments; as an illustration, when paired with retrieval, they will reply questions on and summarize present occasions.

Regardless of DL-based forecasters largely outperforming conventional strategies and progress being made in decreasing coaching and inference prices, they face challenges: most DL architectures require lengthy and concerned coaching and validation cycles earlier than a buyer can take a look at the mannequin on a brand new time-series. A basis mannequin for time-series forecasting, in distinction, can present respectable out-of-the-box forecasts on unseen time-series information with no further coaching, enabling customers to concentrate on refining forecasts for the precise downstream activity like retail demand planning.

To that finish, in “A decoder-only basis mannequin for time-series forecasting”, we introduce TimesFM, a single forecasting mannequin pre-trained on a big time-series corpus of 100 billion actual world time-points. In comparison with the most recent giant language fashions (LLMs), TimesFM is far smaller (200M parameters), but we present that even at such scales, its zero-shot efficiency on a wide range of unseen datasets of various domains and temporal granularities come near the state-of-the-art supervised approaches educated explicitly on these datasets. Later this yr we plan to make this mannequin accessible for exterior prospects in Google Cloud Vertex AI.

A decoder-only basis mannequin for time-series forecasting

LLMs are normally educated in a decoder-only vogue that entails three steps. First, textual content is damaged down into subwords known as tokens. Then, the tokens are fed into stacked causal transformer layers that produce an output corresponding to every enter token (it can not attend to future tokens). Lastly, the output similar to the i-th token summarizes all the data from earlier tokens and predicts the (i+1)-th token. Throughout inference, the LLM generates the output one token at a time. For instance, when prompted with “What’s the capital of France?”, it would generate the token “The”, then situation on “What’s the capital of France? The” to generate the following token “capital” and so forth till it generates the whole reply: “The capital of France is Paris”.

A basis mannequin for time-series forecasting ought to adapt to variable context (what we observe) and horizon (what we question the mannequin to forecast) lengths, whereas having sufficient capability to encode all patterns from a big pretraining dataset. Just like LLMs, we use stacked transformer layers (self-attention and feedforward layers) as the principle constructing blocks for the TimesFM mannequin. Within the context of time-series forecasting, we deal with a patch (a bunch of contiguous time-points) as a token that was popularized by a latest long-horizon forecasting work. The duty then is to forecast the (i+1)-th patch of time-points given the i-th output on the finish of the stacked transformer layers.

Nevertheless, there are a number of key variations from language fashions. Firstly, we want a multilayer perceptron block with residual connections to transform a patch of time-series right into a token that may be enter to the transformer layers together with positional encodings (PE). For that, we use a residual block just like our prior work in long-horizon forecasting. Secondly, on the different finish, an output token from the stacked transformer can be utilized to foretell an extended size of subsequent time-points than the enter patch size, i.e., the output patch size will be bigger than the enter patch size.

Contemplate a time-series of size 512 time-points getting used to coach a TimesFM mannequin with enter patch size 32 and output patch size 128. Throughout coaching, the mannequin is concurrently educated to make use of the primary 32 time-points to forecast the following 128 time-points, the primary 64 time-points to forecast time-points 65 to 192, the primary 96 time-points to forecast time-points 97 to 224 and so forth. Throughout inference, suppose the mannequin is given a brand new time-series of size 256 and tasked with forecasting the following 256 time-points into the longer term. The mannequin will first generate the longer term predictions for time-points 257 to 384, then situation on the preliminary 256 size enter plus the generated output to generate time-points 385 to 512. Alternatively, if in our mannequin the output patch size was equal to the enter patch size of 32 then for a similar activity we must undergo eight era steps as an alternative of simply the 2 above. This will increase the possibilities of extra errors accumulating and due to this fact, in apply, we see {that a} longer output patch size yields higher efficiency for long-horizon forecasting

TimesFM structure.

Pretraining information

Similar to LLMs get higher with extra tokens, TimesFM requires a big quantity of reputable time sequence information to be taught and enhance. We’ve spent an amazing period of time creating and assessing our coaching datasets, and the next is what we’ve discovered works finest:

Zero-shot analysis outcomes

We consider TimesFM zero-shot on information not seen throughout coaching utilizing standard time-series benchmarks. We observe that TimesFM performs higher than most statistical strategies like ARIMA, ETS and might match or outperform highly effective DL fashions like DeepAR, PatchTST which have been explicitly educated on the goal time-series.

We used the Monash Forecasting Archive to judge TimesFM’s out-of-the-box efficiency. This archive comprises tens of 1000’s of time-series from varied domains like visitors, climate, and demand forecasting masking frequencies starting from couple of minutes to yearly information. Following current literature, we examine the imply absolute error (MAE) appropriately scaled in order that it may be averaged throughout the datasets. We see that zero-shot (ZS) TimesFM is best than most supervised approaches, together with latest deep studying fashions. We additionally examine TimesFM to GPT-3.5 for forecasting utilizing a selected prompting method proposed by llmtime(ZS). We display that TimesFM performs higher than llmtime(ZS) regardless of being orders of magnitude smaller.

Scaled MAE (the decrease the higher) of TimesFM(ZS) towards different supervised and zero-shot approaches on Monash datasets.

A lot of the Monash datasets are quick or medium horizon, i.e., the prediction size shouldn’t be too lengthy. We additionally take a look at TimesFM on standard benchmarks for lengthy horizon forecasting towards a latest state-of-the-art baseline PatchTST (and different long-horizon forecasting baselines). Within the subsequent determine, we plot the MAE on ETT datasets for the duty of predicting 96 and 192 time-points into the longer term. The metric has been calculated on the final take a look at window of every dataset (as performed by the llmtime paper). We see that TimesFM not solely surpasses the efficiency of llmtime(ZS) but in addition matches that of the supervised PatchTST mannequin explicitly educated on the respective datasets.

Final window MAE (the decrease the higher) of TimesFM(ZS) towards llmtime(ZS) and long-horizon forecasting baselines on ETT datasets.

Conclusion

We practice a decoder-only basis mannequin for time-series forecasting utilizing a big pretraining corpus of 100B actual world time-points, nearly all of which was search curiosity time-series information derived from Google Developments and pageviews from Wikipedia. We present that even a comparatively small 200M parameter pretrained mannequin that makes use of our TimesFM structure shows spectacular zero-shot efficiency on a wide range of public benchmarks from completely different domains and granularities.

Acknowledgements

This work is the results of a collaboration between a number of people throughout Google Analysis and Google Cloud, together with (in alphabetical order): Abhimanyu Das, Weihao Kong, Andrew Leach, Mike Lawrence, Alex Martin, Rajat Sen, Yang Yang and Yichen Zhou.